Memory
Memory is our ability
to encode, store, retain and subsequently recall information and past experiences in the human brain.
Ryburn defines memory as “the power
we have to store our experiences and to
bring them into the field of consciousness sometimes after the
experiences have occurred” The process of memorization , can not be viewed merely in terms of reproduction or
revival of past experiences or learning. It is quite a complex process which
involves factors like learning, retention, recall and recognition .
Memory
is the sum total of what we remember, and gives us the capability to
learn and adapt from previous experiences as well as to build relationships. It
is the ability to remember past experiences, and the power or
process of recalling to mind previously learned facts, experiences,
impressions, skills and habits.
Mechanism
or process of Memorization
} Our
mind possesses a special ability by which every experience or learning leaves behind
memory images or traces which are conserved in the forms of engrams .
} Thus
what is learned leaves its after effect which is conserved in the form of
engrams composed of memory traces. This preservation of the memory traces by
our central nervous system or brain is
known as retention of the learned or experienced act
Factors
/ components of memory
Learning
Memory
depends upon learning. It is not possible to keep memorized any thing without
learning. Learning by understanding and learning mechanically have significance
in learning.
Retention
Keeping
the learnt things in the rain is its retention. If the retention power of a
person is weaken, his related memory also weaken. There are found individual
difference in the retention power
Recall
Remembering
a prior experience is its recall. Recall is such a mental process by which we
bring to our present consciousness the past incidents and experiences without
presenting a physical stimuli.
Recall
classified into two:
Natural or Dispositional :
Natural recall occurs by itself when we let the thought flow freely, any
thought can come to the mind.
Reflective or Deliberative :
here the thought occur to the mind on making effort. Eg. student recall the answer
pertaining to the question given to the question paper.
Recognition
It
is a mental process by which an individual separates or distinguishes
recognized objects and places from unknown objects and places from a new
objects or places. Recognition is the completeness of memory
How
Does Memory Work- An Information-Processing Model
- Encoding:
the information gets into our brains in a way that allows it to be stored
- Encoding
is based on perception and is the first step to creating a memory. The
strength of the memory depends on how much attention is paid to the
stimuli. During encoding memories are developed in the hippocampus by
using the language of electricity and chemicals. When we create new
memories with words and images it adds strength to our encoding abilities.
- Storage:
the information is held in a way that allows it to later be retrieved. Storage
is the process of retaining the information gathered in the initial stages
of encoding.
- Memory
storage is made up of three memory systems: sensory memory, short-term
memory, and long-term memory.
- Retrieval:
reactivating and recalling the information,
producing it in a form similar to what was encoded. Retrieval is the
process of getting information out of memory. Retrieval cues are stimuli
that can be used to help retrieve memories. Priming is the process of identifying
that lead to a memory
Types/
Kinds of memory
- Habit
Memory and True Memory: Habit memory is depends upon
mere motor mechanism and the true memory depends on independent
recollections
- Immediate
memory : Here we learn and remember a
thing for a short time and forget it
- Permanent
memory: Here
retention is of a permanent nature. It is also known as stable memory.
Here we memories things for a lifetime/long time
- Rote
memory: Here things are learned without
understanding their meaning
- Active
memory : when we are able to bring the past
experience to the upper level of consciousness with effort , it is called
active memory
- Passive
memory : when our past experiences surface
to the upper level of consciousness without any effort, it is called
passive memory
- Logical
memory: materials are learned with
insight, understanding and logical thinking is known as logical memory
- Associate
memory: Here the individual associate
newly learned things so many related things existing in the memory and
then establish a multiple connections
Characteristics
of Good Memory
} Immediate
understanding
} Immediate
recall
} Immediate
recognition
} Stability
of recognition
} Forgetting
useless things
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